Email this article 
Hide
Show all
Assessing Vietnam’s Maritime Diplomacy to China and Searching for Some Possible Responses of Vietnam in the South China Sea (Biển Đông)
Abstract
China’s growing assertiveness in the South China Sea (SCS) has long been recognized and considered as a big threat to regional peace and stability. Such perversity has triggered territorial and overlapping claim disputes among countries in the region, including Vietnam, a neck-to-neck neighbor with China. Despite all possible efforts, the stagnation of Vietnam’s resolution to deal with this matter in recent years has been problematic which raises the authors’ concern about the potential effective response that Hanoi might take in resolving the complexity of the dispute. Firstly, it is important to understand Vietnam’s interests in the SCS and its long-term stance in the area. Secondly, to explain the modest action of Vietnam towards China in the SCS, it is key to realize its undeniable economic reliance on this powerful neighbor. Meanwhile, China has continuously posed its massive power over Vietnam’s Sea territory which threatened its security. Hence, the readers can understand the intricate relationship that Vietnam is tied up in. Besides this, the authors also analyze the current maritime diplomacy that is pursued by Vietnam along with its effectiveness which becomes the foundation for suggesting the future strategies of Vietnam based on internal balancing and multidirectionalism in its foreign policy.
Received 7th August 2020; Revised 2nd June 2021; Accepted 20th August 2021
Keywords
References
Abuza, Zachary. 2020. “Weapons, viruses, and the new defense reality in Southeast Asia.” War on the Rocks, May 7. Retrieved January 10, 2021 (https://warontherocks.com/2020/05/weapons-viruses-and-the-new-defense-reality-in-southeast-asia/).
Anjaiah, Veeramalla. 2020. “ASEAN Leaders Raise SCS Issue Boldly At Summit.” The ASEAN Post, June 27. Retrieved August 20, 2020 (https://theaseanpost.com/article/asean-leaders-raise-scs-issue-boldly-summit)
Arora, N.D. 2010. Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.
Asian Development Bank. 2012. Assessment of Public-Private Partnerships in Viet Nam: Constraints and Opportunities. Mandaluyong: Asian Development Bank - Agence Française de Dévelopement.
Báo điện tử Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam. 2018. “Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc lần thứ VI của Đảng” (Ban tuyên giáo Trung ương, April 16). Hanoi, DC: Báo điện tử Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam. Retrieved November 5, 2021 (https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/ban-chap-hanh-trung-uong-dang/dai-hoi-dang/lan-thu-vi/dai-hoi-dai-bieu-toan-quoc-lan-thu-vi-cua-dang-19).
Beckman, Robert. 2012. “Geopolitics, International Law and the South China Sea.” Presented at the 2012 Tokyo Plenary Trilateral Commission, April 21-22, Tokyo.
Bloomberg. 2019. “Japan firms join exodus from China’s factories as tariffs bite.” Japan Times, August 5. Retrieved August 14, 2020 (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/05/business/japan-firms-join-exodus-chinas-factories-tariffs-bite/#.Xz5T_ogzbIU)
Bộ Ngoại giao Việt Nam. 2020. Keynote Address of Dr. Le Hoai Trung, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam at the Opening Session of the 11th South China Sea International Conference. Hanoi: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved August 13, 2020 (http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/mofa/tt_baochi/pbnfn/ns191109183327/view).
British Department for International Trade. 2019. Vietnam Infrastructure. Hanoi: British Department for International Trade. Retrieved August 18, 2020 (https://www.ukabc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Infrastructure-Update-May-2019.pdf).
Chang, Felix K. 2019. “Resist and Reward: Vietnam’s Naval Expansion.” Foreign Policy Research Institute, November 6. Retrieved August 20, 2020 (https://www.fpri.org/article/2019/11/resist-and-reward-vietnams-naval-expansion)
Chapman, Nicholas. 2017. “Mechanisms of Vietnam’s Multidirectional Foreign Policy.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 36(2): 31–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341703600202
Costlow, Matthew R. 2012. “Gunboat Diplomacy in the South China Sea.” USAF Institute for National Security Studies 4:43. Retrieved August 15, 2020 (https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Costlow-South-China-Sea-22-Jan-2013.pdf).
Darmawan, Arief Bakhtiar and Lady Mahendra. 2018. “Isu Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Negara-negara ASEAN Terbelah Menghadapi Tiongkok.” Global & Strategis 12(1):79-100 (https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/view/7253/4832).
Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs. 2017. Law of the Sea. New York: United Nations (https://www.un.org/depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/bulletinpdf/LOS_91_WEB.pdf).
Dosch, Jörn and Vuving, Alexander L. 2008. “The impact of China on governance structures in Vietnam.” Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik 5(2):22. Retrieved August 10, 2020 https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/DP_14.2008.pdf).
Dougn, Dean. 2020. “What are the best ways to invest in Vietnam?” Vietnam Insider, January 31. Retrieved August 15, 2020 (https://vietnaminsider.vn/what-are-the-best-ways-to-invest-in-vietnam/)
Dương, Đại. 2020. “5 năm tới, Việt Nam sẽ sở hữu đội tàu mặt nước hùng mạnh (In 5 years, Vietnam will own a powerful fleet of surface ships).” Dân Viêt, February 27. Retrieved August 26, 2020 (https://danviet.vn/5-nam-toi-viet-nam-se-so-huu-doi-tau-mat-nuoc-hung-manh-1061791.htm)
Dương, Tùng. 2019. “Việt Nam ngắm bộ đôi khinh hạm Dự án 22350 và 20385 (Vietnam has an eye on a pair of frigates Project 22350 and 20385).” Đất Việt, July 22. Retrieved August 26, 2020 (https://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/viet-nam-ngam-bo-doi-khinh-ham-du-an-22350-va-20385-3384189/)
Elliott, David W. P. 2012. Changing Worlds: Vietnam’s Transition from Cold War to Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fathun, Laode Muhamad. 2019. “ASEAN Contemporary Security: Maritime Diplomacy in Handling of Maritime Security Threats in Malaka Strait.” Insignia Journal of International Relations 6(1):50-63.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. N.d. “ The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020 (fao.org: http://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture).
Fook, Lye Liang and Ha Hoang Hop. 2018. “Vietnam’s Responses to China’s Maritime Assertiveness in the South China Sea.” ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved November 5, 2021 (https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2018_50%4050.pdf).
Fravel, Taylor M., Twomey, Christopher P. 2015. “Projecting Strategy: The Myth of Chinese Counter-intervention”. The Washington Quarterly 37(4):171-187. doi: 10.1080/0163660X.2014.1002164.
Gam, Pham Thi. 2013. “Coastal and Island Governance in Viet Nam.” United Nations - Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme. Retrieved November 5, 2021 (https://www.un.org/depts/los/nippon/unnff_programme_home/fellows_pages/fellows_papers/Pham_1314_VietNam.pdf).
Global Infrastructure Hub. 2017. Global Infrastructure Outlook: Infrastructure investment needs 50 countries, 7 sectors to 2040. Oxford Economics.
Government of the People’s Republic of China. 2014. “Position Paper of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines.” Beijing: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Retrieved November 5, 2021 (https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/snhwtlcwj_1/t1368895.htm).
Guan, Ang Cheng. 1998. “Vietnam-China Relations since the End of the Cold War.” Asian Survey 38(12): 1122-1141. (Retrieved from JSTOR on August 17, 2020.)
He, Kai. 2008. “Dynamic Balancing: China's balancing strategy towards the United States, 1949-2005.” Journal of Contemporary China 18(58):115-116. doi: 10.1080/10670560802431701.
Heydarian, Richard Javad. 2020. “At A Strategic Crossroads: ASEAN Centrality Amid Sino-American Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific”. (Foreign Policy at Brookings, November 6). Washington, DC: Brookings. Retrieved November 6, 2021 (https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/fp_20200427_strategic_crossroads.pdf).prov
Hiền, Kim. 2017. ”Giai đoạn 2016-2020: Nhu cầu đầu tư hạ tầng khoảng 24 tỷ USD.” Tạp chí Tài chính, October 4. Retrieved August 13, 2020 (http://tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-doi/giai-doan-20162020-nhu-cau-dau-tu-ha-tang-khoang-24-ty-usd-130003.html).
Hien, Nguyen Vinh. 2015. “Vietnam foreign policy: the rationale of its instruments towards China in solving South China Sea disputes since HD-981 incident in 2014.” The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies. Retrieved August 9, 2020. (https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Vietnam-foreign-policy%3A-the-rationale-of-its-China-Hien/c6ee4dfbeb7d695d4405844a158990c1003a56e4).
Hiep, Le Hong. 2012. “Vietnam’s strategic trajectory: from internal development to external engagement”. Strategic Insights No. 59: 1-18. (Retrieved from SSRN August 6, 2020.)
Hiep, Le Hong. 2013. “Vietnam's Domestic–Foreign Policy Nexus: Doi Moi , Foreign Policy Reform, and Sino‐Vietnamese Normalization.” Asian Politics & Policy 5(3): 387-392. (Retrieved from Wiley Online Library August 14, 2020)
Hiep, Le Hong. 2017. Living Next to the Giant: The Political Economy of Vietnam's Relations with China Under Doi Moi. Singapore: ISEAS.
Hillman, Jonathan E. 2017. “China’s “Belt and Road” Initiative Must Become a Strategy.” Global Economics Monthly 6(5):1-2. Retrieved August 14, 2020 https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/170510_GEM_V6_I5.pdf).
Hoàng Sa-Đà Nẵng. 2016. “Không quân Hải quân Việt Nam – “Đại bàng thép” trên biển Đông.” Hoàng Sa-Đà Nẵng, January 20. Retrieved August 17, 2020 (http://hoangsa.danang.gov.vn/index.php/2012-08-24-02-10-30/giao-d-c-qu-c-phong/819-khong-quan-h-i-quan-vi-t-nam-d-i-bang-thep-tren-bi-n-dong).
Hoang, Thuy and Phuong Hoang. 2017. “Vietnam's new-found submarine power and where it came from.” Vnexpress, N.d. Retrieved August 15, 2020 (https://e.vnexpress.net/interactive/2017/vietnams-new-found-submarine-power-and-where-it-came-from).
Hung, Tran. 2019. “Vanguard Bay, a new battlefront in the South China Sea for Hanoi and Beijing.” Asia News, July 19. Retrieved August 25, 2020 (http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Vanguard-Bay,-a-new-battlefront-in-the-South-China-Sea-for-Hanoi-and-Beijing-47562.html)
International Crisis Group. 2016). “Stirring up the South China Sea IV - Oil in Troubled Waters.” Brussels: International Crisis Group. Retrieved August 14, 2020 (https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/56a785c64.pdf)
Jennings, Ralph. 2020. “Vietnam Weighs World Court Arbitration Against China Maritime Diplomacy Fails.” VOA. August 26. Retrieved August 28, 2020 (https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/vietnam-weighs-world-court-arbitration-against-china-if-maritime-diplomacy-fails)
Keane, Mellisa, Bill Magennis, Giang Nguyen, Duong Nguyen. 2020. “Elevation of Vietnam's Public Private Partnership Regime: 14 key changes for foreign investors.” Allen Linklaters, July 27. Retrieved August 25, 2020 (https://www.allens.com.au/insights-news/insights/2020/07/elevation-of-vietnams-public-private-partnership-regime-14-key-changes-for-foreign-investors/#Footnotes)
Kien, Le Trung. 2020. “The Indo-Pacific Regional Architecture: the Quad, Inclusivity and ASEAN Centrality.” Asialink, December 23. Retrieved January 10, 2021 (https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/the-indo-pacific-regional-architecture-the-quad,-inclusivity-and-asean-centrality).
Kiyono, Ken. 1969. “A Study on the Concept of The National Interest of Hans J. Morgenthau: as The Standard of American Foreign Policy.” Journal of Business and Economics 49(3):94-112. Retrieved August 3, 2020, http://hdl.handle.net/10069/27783)
KPMG. 2018. Investing in Vietnam: Redrawing the horizon 2018 and beyond. Hanoi: KPMG.
Lerche, Charles O. and Abdul A. Said. 1963. Concepts of International Politics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Macias, Amanda. 2018. “China quietly installed missile systems on strategic Spratly Islands in hotly contested South China Sea.” Retrieved August 18, 2020 (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/02/china-added-missile-systems-on-spratly-islands-in-south-china-sea.html)
Mai, Valerie. 2020. “Vietnam - China Land Border.” Retrieved August 17, 2020 (https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/vietnam-china-land-border-23098.html)
Menon, Shivshankar. 2017. “The Unprecedented Promises – and Threats – of the Belt and Road Initiative.” The Wire, April 24. Retrieved August 13, 2020 (www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-unprecedented-promises-and-threats-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative).
Mière, Christian Le. 2014. Maritime Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Drivers and Challenges. Abingdon: Routledge.
Ministry of Foreign Investment. 2019. Tình Hình Thu Hút Đầu Tư Nước Ngoài Tháng 01 Năm 2019. Hanoi: Foreign Investment Agency Retrieved August 13, 2020 (https://dautunuocngoai.gov.vn/tinbai/6124/Tinh-hinh-thu-hut-Dau-tu-nuoc-ngoai-thang-01-nam-2019).
Ministry of National Defense. 2019. 2019 Vietnam National Defense. http://news.chinhphu.vn/Uploaded_VGP/phamvanthua/20191220/2019VietnamNationalDefence.pdf
Morton, Katherine. 2016. “China's ambition in the South China Sea: is a legitimate maritime order possible?” International Affairs 92(4):909-940. (Retrieved from JSTOR on August 19, 2020)
Murray, Hiebert, Phuong Nguyen, Gregory B. Poling. 2015. The Examining the South China Sea Disputes: Papers from the Fifth Annual CSIS South China Sea Conference. Washington, DC: Central for Strategic and International Studies.
Nguyễn, Hà. 2016. Giới Thiệu Về Biển, Đảo Việt Nam. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thông tin và Truyền thông.
Park. Ju-Min. 2019a. “Samsung ends mobile phone production in China.” Reuters, October 2. Retrieved August 14, 2020 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-china/samsung-ends-mobile-phone-production-in-china-idUSKBN1WH0LR)
Park. Ju-Min. 2019b. “LG Electronics to shut South Korea phone plant, move production to Vietnam.” Reuters, April 25. Retrieved August 14, 2020. (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lg-elec-mobile/lg-electronics-to-shut-south-korea-phone-plant-move-production-to-vietnam-idUSKCN1S104K)
Philippines Coast Guard. 2019. PCG hosts First Expert’s Group Meeting on ASEAN Coast Guard Forum. Manila: Philippine Coast Guard Retrieved August 17, 2020 (http://www.coastguard.gov.ph/index.php/11-news/923-pcg-hosts-first-expert-s-group-meeting-on-asean-coast-guard-forum).
PWC. 2019. Doing Business in Vietnam: A reference guide for entering the Viet Nam market. Ho Chi Minh: Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Reuters, 2020. “Vietnam condemns new Chinese military drills in South China Sea” Reuters. August 26. Retrieved August 28, 2020 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-china-southchinasea/vietnam-condemns-new-chinese-military-drills-in-south-china-sea-idUSKBN25M0Y5)
RFA. 22. “Experts Warn of ‘Debt-Trap’ For Vietnam in Belt and Road Initiative as China Bids For Projects.” Radio Free Asia, May 22. Retrieved August 18, 2020 (https://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/bri-05222019152925.html).
Rosenberg, David. 2011. “The Maritime borderlands: Terrorism, piracy, pollution, and poaching in the South China Sea.” Pp. 107-126 in The borderlands of Southeast Asia: Geopolitics, terrorism, and globalisation, edited by J. Clad, S. M. McDonald, and B. Vaughn. Washington, DC: NDU Press.
Ross, Eleanor. 2016. “How and Why China Is Building Islands in the South China Sea.” Retrieved August 15, 2020 (https://www.newsweek.com/china-south-china-sea-islands-build-military-territory-expand-575161).
Sato, Koichi. 2017. “The Rise of China’s Impact on ASEAN Conference Diplomacy: A Study of Conflict in the South China Sea.” The Journal of Contemporary China Studies, 2 (2):96-97. doi:10.1080/24761028.2013.11869064.
Schofield, Clive and Ian Storey. 2009. The South China Sea Dispute: Increasing Stakes and Rising Tensions. Washington, DC: Jamestown Foundation.
Schuman, Frederick Lewis. 1941. International Politics: The Western State System in Transition. New York: The Free Press.
Searight, Amy E. 2020. “U.S. Coast Guard cooperation with Southeast Asia: Maritime Challenges and Strategic Opportunities.” Retrieved August 17, 2020 (https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Searight%20Testimony.pdf).
Shoji, Tomotaka. 2012. “Vietnam, ASEAN, and the South China Sea: Unity or Diverseness?” Tokyo: NIDS Security Studies. Retrieved August 23, 2020. (http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/2012/bulletin_e2012_2.pdf)
Sulaeman, Fadhil Haedar. 2020. “ASEAN, the Quad, and China: A Security Contestation for the Indo-Pacific Region.” ASEAN Studies Center, April 20. Retrieved January 10, 2021 (https://asc.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/2020/04/20/asean-the-quad-and-china-a-security-contestation-for-the-indo-pacific-region/).
Suorsa, Olli. 2017. “Maintaining a Small State's Strategic Space: Omnidirectional Hedging.” Hong Kong: International Studies Association Hong Kong. Retrieved August 10, 2020 (http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/HKU2017-s/Archive/f40db849-cb90-4826-9b7a-e449b602f398.pdf).
Swaine, Michael D. 2016. “Chinese Views on the South China Sea Arbitration Case between the People’s Republic of China and the Philippines.” China Leadership Monitor 51:1-13. (Retrieved from Hoover Institution August 16, 2020.)
Tan, Christopher. 2019. “Inilah Hasil Pertemuan Para Pakar Coast Guard ASEAN.” Portonews, October 31. Retrieved August 14, 2020. (https://www.portonews.com/2019/kemaritiman/inilah-hasil-pertemuan-para-pakar-coast-guard-asean/)
Thayer, Carlyle Alan. 1994. “VIETNAM: Coping with China.” Southeast Asian Affairs 351-367. (Retrieved from JSTOR on August 10, 2020.) .
Thayer, Carlyle Alan. 2011. “The Tyranny of Geography: Vietnamese Strategies to Constrain China in the South China Sea.” Paper to International Studies Association 52nd Annual Convention, March 16-19, Québec, CA.
Thayer, Carlyle Alan. 2016. “Vietnam’s Strategy of ‘Cooperating and Struggling’ with China over Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 3(2):200–220. doi:10.1177/2347797016645453.
Thayer, Carlyle Alan. 2017. “Vietnam’s Foreign Policy in an Era of Rising Sino-US Competition and Increasing Domestic Political Influence” Asian Security 13(3): 83-199. doi:10.1080/14799855.2017.1354570
The Associated Press. 2020. “Downward trend: Southeast Asian countries cut defense spending.” Defense News, May 26. Retrieved January 10, 2021 (https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2020/05/26/downward-trend-southeast-asian-countries-cut-defense-spending/ )
The Observatory of Economic Complexity. N.d. “Vietnam (VNM) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners” Retrieved August 9, 2020 (https://oec.world/en/profile/country/vnm)
Thu, Le Huong. 2019. “China’s Incursion into Vietnam’s EEZ and Lessons from the Past.” Retrieved August 18, 2020 (https://amti.csis.org/chinas-incursion-into-vietnams-eez-and-lessons-from-the-past/#:~:text=Chinese%20incursions%20in%20Vietnam's%20continental,crisis%20between%20the%20two%20neighbours.)
Thuy, Ngoc. 2020. “Vietnam Gov’t Mandated to Narrow Fiscal Deficit to 4% of GDP in 2021.” Hanoi Times, November 13. Retrieved January 10, 2021 (http://hanoitimes.vn/vietnam-govt-mandated-to-narrow-fiscal-deficit-to-4-of-gdp-in-2021-314824.html).
Thuy, Tran Thuong, “Vietnam’s Maritime Security Challenges and Responses.” Pp. 85-99 in Security Outlook of the Asia Pacific Countries and Its Implications for the Defense Sector, edited by Urban Connections. Tokyo: The National Institute for Defense Studies
TNI. 2020. Wujudkan Sinergitas, Belasan Pakar Coast Guard Asean Kumpul di Jakarta. Jakarta: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Retrieved August 18, 2020 (https://tni.mil.id/view-163056-wujudkan-sinergitas-belasan-pakar-coast-guard-asean-kumpul-di-jakarta.html).
Tonnesson, Stein. 2000. “Vietnam's Objective in the South China Sea: National or Regional Security?” Contemporary Southeast Asia 22(1):199-220. (Retrieved from JSTOR on August 8, 2020)
Tổng Cục Thống kê, n.d. “Một số thông tin về địa lý Việt Nam”. Cổng thông tin điện tử nước Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam. Retrieved December 21, 2021 (http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ThongTinTongHop/dialy)
Tran. Kevin K. 2015. “How will Vietnam’s economic relationship and dependency on China affect its response to China’s increasing threat to its sovereignty?” Master dissertation, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved from Dudley Knox Library.
Tuan H. A. 2013. “The Tragedy of Vietnamese Fishermen: The Forgotten Faces of Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea.” Asia Journal of Global Studies 5:(2): 94-107.
Tung, Nguyen. 2020. “Vietnam parliament approves long-awaited PPP law.” Hanoi Times, June 20. Retrieved August 16, 2020 (http://hanoitimes.vn/vietnam-parliament-approves-long-awaited-ppp-law-312737.html).
Văn phòng Quốc hội. 2013. “Hiến pháp năm 2013”. (Cổng thông tin điện tử Chính phủ nước Cộng hòa Xã hôi Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, November 28). (http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ThongTinTongHop?categoryId=920&articleId=10053008)
Viện, Nguyen Khac. 2009. Vietnam: A Long History. 8th Revised & Enlarged ed. Hanoi: The Gioi Publisher.
Việt Nam News. 2017. “Tread Carefully on China’s Belt and Road.” Việt Nam News, October 7. Retrieved August 15, 2020 (https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/395203/tread-carefully-on-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-experts.html).
Vu, Khanh, Robert Birsel. 2018. “Vietnam places orders for Russian weapons worth over $1 billion: TASS.” Reuters, September 8. Retrieved August 25, 2020 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-russia-arms/vietnam-places-orders-for-russian-weapons-worth-over-1-billion-tass-idUSKCN1LO08K)
Vu, Khanh. 2020. “Vietnam protests Beijing’s sinking of the South China Sea boat.” Reuters, April 4. Retrieved August 16, 2020 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-china-southchinasea/vietnam-protests-beijings-sinking-of-south-china-sea-boat-idUSKBN21M072).
Vuving, Alexander L. 2017. “Tracking Vietnam’s Force Build-up in the South China Sea.” Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. November 3. Retrieved August, 20 (https://amti.csis.org/tracking-vietnams-force-build-south-china-sea/)
Vuving, Alexander L. 2018. “Vietnam’s National Security Architecture.” Honolulu, HI: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. Retrieved August 5, 2020. (https://apcss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/NSA-VN-chapter-vuving-final.pdf)
Walt, Stephen Martin. 1985. “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power.” International Security 9(4):3-43. (Retrieved from JSTOR on August 4, 2020.)Wescott, Ben. 2016. “Philippines vs China: Why the South China Sea ruling may change Asia.” Retrieved August 18, 2020 (https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/04/asia/south-china-sea-un-case-explainer/index.html)
Womack, Brantly. 2009. “Vietnam and China in an Era of Economic Uncertainty.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 36(2):1-15. Retrieved August 9, 2020 (https://apjjf.org/-Brantly-Womack/3214/article.pdf).
Yamaguchi, Shinji. 2016. “Strategies of China’s Maritime Actors in the South China Sea.” China Perspectives 3: 23-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.7022.
Yin, Chu. 2016. “Loan Rate for China-Thailand Rail Project Reflects Market Conditions.” Global Times, April 25. Retrieved August 14, 2020 (http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/979886.shtml)
Yunling, Zhang and Wang Yuzhu. 2017. “ASEAN in China’s Grand Strategy.” Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Retrieved August 10, 2020 (https://www.eria.org/ASEAN_at_50_4A.9_Zhang_and_Wang_final.pdf)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/vjossh.v7i5.687
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
=====================================================
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN
Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn
Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội
ISSN 2354-1172