Ayodhya Dispute and Responses of India’s Islamic Neighbors and Hindu Nationalism in India

Phung Thi Thao

Abstract


India has been noted for its independence movements including the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements under the leadership of the Indian National Congress in general and Mahatma Gandhi in particular. However, in this South Asian country, there is another kind of nationalism that roots in Hinduism. The objective of the article is to explain the nature of Hindu nationalism in India. To gain this aim, the author is going to implement three tasks including giving a brief overview of the Ayodhya dispute; reporting the reactions from India’s neighbors to the Ayodhya issue; and explaining the relations among the Ayodhya related legal fights and responses from Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as Hindu nationalism. As a result, the study is helpful to comprehend the politics of India and its nationalism.

Received 25th September 2020; Revised 2nd January 2021; Accepted 20th February 2021

DOI:


Keywords


Ayodhya Dispute; India’s Islamic Neighbors; Hindu Nationalism.

References


Agarwal, Kabir. 2019. “L.K. Advani: the Provocateur in Chief”. The Wire. Retrieved August 2020 (https://thewire.in/politics/the-provocateur-in-chief-l-k-advani).

Anshuman, Kumar. 2019. “Ayodhya case: A brief history of India’s longest-running property dispute”. The economic times. Retrieved August 2020 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com//news/politics-and-nation/ayodhya-case-a-brief-history-of-indias-longest-running-property-dispute/articleshow/71988076.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.).

Ashraf, Ajaz. 2017. “From 1855 to 2010: A legal history of how the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya was turned into a temple for Lord Ram”. Firstpost. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.firstpost.com/india/from-1855-to-2010-a-legal-history-of-how-contentious-babri-masjid-in-ayodhya-was-turned-into-a-temple-for-ram-4246593.html).

Bangla Tribune. 2019. "Babri Masjid verdict will not cause tension in Bangladesh”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/83249/Babri-Masjid-verdict-will-not-cause-tension-in).

Bhattacharjee, K. 2019. “Ayodhya 1855: The violence at Hanumangarhi shows why Ram Janmabhoomi could not be reclaimed during British rule”. OpIndia. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.opindia.com/2019/11/ayodhya-1855-hindu-muslim-violence-hanumangarhi-ram-janmabhoomi-british-rule/).

Bhattacherjee, Kallol. 2020. “Prevent moves that can fracture historic ties with Bangladesh: Foreign Minister”. The Hindu. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/prevent-moves-that-can-fracture-historic-ties-with-bangladesh-foreign-minister/article32199196.ece).

Brass, Paul R. 1993. The politics of India since independence (second edition). New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

Dreamsfauxfilled. 2017. “Color Series – The Significance Of Saffron Color In India”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://dreamsfauxfilled.com/color-series-significance-saffron-color-india/. Accessed on 21/8/2020).

Dutta, Prabhash K. 2018. “When Pandit Nehru said I am busy but ready to visit Ayodhya”. India Today. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-pandit-nehru-said-i-am-busy-but-ready-to-visit-ayodhya-1388268-2018-11-14).

Khalid, Mehmood. 2020. “Ram Mandir Construction in Ayodhya, Bangladesh Says India Must Prevent Moves That May Hurt Ties With Neighbours”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://en.baaghitv.com/ram-mandir-construction-in-ayodhya-bangladesh-says-india-must-prevent-moves-that-may-hurt-ties-with-neighbours/).

Kuruvachira. 2015. “The myth of a Vedic Golden Age”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://hindutvawatch.org/the-myths-of-hindutva-golden-age-of-the-vedas/).

Latif, Aamir. 2019. “Memories of Babri Mosque demolition haunt Pakistani Hindus”. AA Newspaper. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/memories-of-babri-mosque-demolition-haunt-pakistani-hindus/1662472).

Mathew, Liz . 2020. “Explained: The intertwined journeys of Narendra Modi and the temple in Ayodhya”. Indianexpress. Retrieved August 2020 (https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-intertwined-journeys-of-narendra-modi-and-the-temple-in-ayodhya-6538847/).

Ministry of External Affairs – Government of India. 2019. “Official Spokesperson's response to comments made by Pakistan on matters internal to India”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://mea.gov.in/response-to-queries.htm?dtl/32023/Official_Spokespersons_response_to_comments_made_by_Pakistan_on_matters_internal_to_India. Accessed on 17/8/2020).

Ministry of External Affairs – Government of India. 2020. “Official Spokesperson's response to media queries regarding press statement by Pakistan on construction of the Ram Temple”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.mea.gov.in/response-to-queries.htm?dtl/32876/official+spokespersons+response+to+media+queries+regarding+press+statement+by+pakistan+on+construction+of+the+ram+temple).

Ministry of External Affairs – Government of Pakistan. 2020. “Pakistan condemns construction of ‘Ram Mandir’on the site of historic Babri Masjid”. Retrieved August 2020 (http://mofa.gov.pk/pakistan-condemns-construction-of-ram-mandiron-the-site-of-historic-babri-masjid/).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Government of Pakistan. 2019. “Transcript of the Weekly Press Briefing by Spokesperson on 14th November 2019”. Retrieved August 2020 (http://mofa.gov.pk/transcript-of-the-weekly-press-briefing-by-spokesperson-on-14th-november-2019/).

Ministry of foreign affairs – Government of Pakistan. 2020. “Condemnation of commencement of construction of Mandir at Babri Masjid site”. Retrieved August 2020 (http://mofa.gov.pk/condemnation-of-commencement-of-construction-of-mandir-at-babri-masjid-site/).

Ministry of Home Affairs - Government of India. 2011. “Data on Religion /Religion PCA”. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner - Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved August 2020 (https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html).

Modi, Narendra. 2020. “Ram Temple will unify the entire nation, says PM Modi in Ayodhya”. The official website of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.narendramodi.in/ram-temple-will-unify-the-entire-nation-says-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-ayodhya-550817).

Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjian. 2019. “Rise of the Right in India: Build up of the Right icon”. Frontline (India’s national magazine). Retrieved August 2020 (https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30025272.ece.).

Roche, Elizabeth. 2019. “India, Pak engage in war of words as SC's Ayodhya verdict overshadows Kartarpur corridor”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-pak-engage-in-war-of-words-as-sc-s-ayodhya-verdict-overshadows-kartarpur-corridor-11573318304788.html).

Shah, Pankaj. 2020. “Back in Ayodhya after 29 years, PM Modi to lay first Ram temple brick today”. Times of India. Retrieved August 2020 (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/77361116.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst).

The economic times. 2017. “Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid issue: The history behind the dispute”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/ram-mandir-babri-masjid-issue-the-history-behind-the-dispute/dec-22-1949/slideshow/57774099.cms).

The Hindu. 2011. “VHP's social service activities”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/vhps-social-service-activities/article2725683.ece).

The Hindu. 2016. “Anti-cow slaughter mob storms Parliament”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.thehindu.com/archives/article16183780.ece).

The Hindu. 2020. “Ayodhya verdict PM speech live | SC verdict has brought a new dawn for us, says Modi”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-updates-ayodhya-verdict-prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/article29931605.ece).

The morning chronicle. 2018. “As a reaction to Babri Masjid demolition, What had happened in Pakistan and Bangladesh on 6 December, 1992”. The morning chronicle. Retrieved August 2020 (http://www.themorningchronicle.in/as-a-reaction-to-babri-masjid-demolition-what-had-happened-in-pakistan-and-bangladesh-on-6-december-1992/).

The New Indian Express. 2019. “Ayodhya verdict won't cause tension in Bangladesh: Foreign Minister”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-wont-cause-tension-in-bangladesh-foreign-minister-2059509.html).

The New York Times. 1992. "Pakistani attack 30 Hindu". Retrieved August 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/08/world/pakistanis-attack-30-hindu-temples.html).

The Parishad Vishva Hindu Parishad. 2020. “An introduction to VHP”. The official website of VHP. Retrieved August 2020 (https://vhp.org/vhp-at-glance/about-vhp/).

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). 2004. “Chronology for Hindus in Bangladesh”. Retrieved August 2020 (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,CHRON,BGD,,469f3869c,0.html).

The Wire. 2019. “Ayodhya: Once There Was A Mosque”. The Wire. Retrieved August 2020 (https://thewire.in/ayodhyatimeline).

Times of India. 2018. “Why Do Indian Saints Wear Saffron Colour? Science Tells Us!”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/photo-stories/why-do-indian-saints-wear-saffron-colour-science-tells-us/photostory/63414644.cms?picid=63414709).

Times of India. 2020. “Babri Masjid demolition”. Retrieved August 2020 (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/babri-masjid-demolition).

World Population Review. "2020. Muslim Population By Country 2020". Retrieved August 2020 (https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country).

World Population Review. 2020. "India Population 2020 (Live)". Retrieved August 2020 (https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/india-population).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/vjossh.v7i2.637

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


=====================================================

TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN

Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn

Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội

ISSN 2354-1172